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Favelas and Poor Urban Communities

Description

Favelas and Poor Urban Communities are popular territories originated from several strategies used by the population to address, usually in autonomous and collective form, their housing needs and associated uses (trade, services, leisure and culture, among others), in the face of the lack and inadequacy of public policies and private investments aimed at assuring the right to the city. In many cases, due to their shared origin, relations of neighborhood, community engagement and intense use of common spaces, they constitute identity and community representation.

In Brazil, these spaces appear in different forms and nomenclature, like favelas, invaded areas, poor communities, slums in backwaters, slums in deep valleys, slums in low-lands, slums in villages, shacks, stilt houses, informal allotments and hut villages, among others, expressing geographic, historical and cultural differences in their formation.

Favelas and poor urban communities express the socio-spatial inequality of the Brazilian urbanization. They portray the incompleteness - the precariousness, in the limit - of the governmental policies and private investments to provide an urban infrastructure, public services, collective equipment and environmental protection to the sites where they are located, reproducing conditions of vulnerability. They become worsened with the legal insecurity of the ownership, which also compromises the guarantee of the right to housing and the legal protection against forced evictions and displacements. Click here to check the criteria used by the IBGE to identify favelas and poor urban communities.

 

About the publication - Subnormal Agglomerates – Territorial Information – 2010

Population censuses produce information that reveals the territorial information and the main characteristics of persons and households, as well as follows their evolution over time. This information is essential to the development of public policies and to the process of taking decisions on investments, both in the private sector and at any level of public administration. By surveying all the households in Brazil, the population censuses are the only reference source of life conditions of the population in all the municipalities and in their internal territorial units - districts, sub-districts and neighborhoods, classified according to the localization of housing units in urban or rural areas -, whose socioeconomic realities depend on the census results to be known.

In this publication, IBGE releases new information on territorial units classified as subnormal agglomerates in the 2010 Population Census. This nomenclature comprises every type of irregular settlement in Brazil, like slums, invaded properties, slums in deep valleys, slums in low-lands, poor communities, slums in villages, slums in backwaters, types of shacks and stilt houses, among others. This publication provides an essentially spatial perspective of these agglomerates, based on the outcomes of the Territorial Information Survey - LIT accomplished in the enumeration areas therein. Satellite images and photographs were also included, as well as other informational resources from city halls and local planning offices. As the main input used in this approach, LIT information comprises the characteristics and localization of the agglomerates, their urban patterns, accessibility and occupation density, as well as data on vertical size of the housing units and spacing between each other.

The publication provides technical notes, including methodological considerations about the survey and concepts and definitions of the characteristics now released. It also brings structured comments into two chapters: the first provides an overview of the subnormal agglomerates in Brazil from the analysis of selected variables of LIT, searching for their regional spatial patterns; the second chapter introduces the intra-metropolitan patterns of spatial characterization of the subnormal agglomerates in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belém, Salvador and Recife. The printed volume presents results for Brazil, Major Regions, Federation Units and municipalities. The attached CD-ROM includes the territorial units of Metropolitan Regions, Integrated Development Regions - RIDEs, districts and sub-districts.

Learn more - Subnormal Agglomerates – Territorial Information – 2010

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FAQ

What is a Favela and a Poor Urban Community?
Favelas and Poor Urban Communities are popular territories originated from several strategies used by the population to address, usually in autonomous and collective form, their housing needs and associated uses (trade, services, leisure and culture, among others), in the face of the lack and inadequacy of public policies and private investments aimed at assuring the right to the city. In many cases, due to their shared origin, neighborhood relations, community engagement and intense use of common spaces, they constitute identity and community representation.

In Brazil, these spaces appear in different forms and nomenclatures, like favelas, invaded areas, poor communities, slums in backwaters, slums in deep valleys, slums in low-lands, slums in villages, shacks, stilt houses, informal allotments and hut villages, among others, expressing geographic, historical and cultural differences in their formation.

What are the criteria used by the IBGE to identify these areas?
The IBGE uses the following criteria to identify favelas and poor urban communities:

  • Predominance of households with different degrees of legal insecurity of ownership, and at least one of the other criteria below;
  • Lack or incomplete and/or precarious supply of public services (street and residential lightning, water supply, sewage disposal, drainage systems and regular garbage collection) by competent institutions; and/or
  • Predominance of buildings, street layout and infrastructure usually self-produced and/or guided by urban and construction parameters different from those established by public bodies; and/or
  • Location in areas with restrictions to occupation established by either the environmental or urban legislation, like land strips of roads and railways, energy transmission lines and protected areas, among others; or in urban sites characterized as areas of environmental risk (geological, geomorphological, climate, hydrological and of contamination).

How was the change from Subnormal Agglomerate into Favela and Poor Urban Community?
The information about this process can be found on the Methodological Note about the change from Subnormal Agglomerate into Favela and Poor Urban Community. More information can be obtained on the National Meeting for the Production, Analysis and Dissemination of Information on Favelas and Poor Urban Communities in Brazil website.